Holistic herbal medicine treats each person as an individual, working with the whole plant to heal the whole person. The art of herbal medicine lies in this personalised approach where practitioners choose herbs for the person rather than simply for a particular ailment. Internationally renowned clinical herbalist and ethnobotanist David Winston echoes these sentiments when he says, “we don’t just give herbs to treat symptoms or diseases - we give herbs to people”. However, there is also a modern scientific understanding to this concept of individuality, particularly in the context of health and nutrition, known as “bio-individuality.” i ii
This notion of bio-individuality acknowledges the incredible diversity within our human population and recognises that each person's unique genetic makeup, metabolic processes, microbiome composition and constitutional type influence their response to medicines. Roger J. Williams first proposed this theory in 1956, noting that the variation in chemical composition and enzymatic activities between humans is so large that it's impossible to define a "normal" human. This observation has profound implications for medicine and nutrition, emphasising that interventions should be tailored to the individual. iii iv v vi
Traditional herbal medicine has long recognised that individuals respond differently to the same treatments. As the saying goes, "one man's meat is another man's poison," which explains why treatments that work for one person may not work for another. Consider two patients with osteoarthritis seeking herbal treatment. While both might receive a base formula containing anti-inflammatory herbs such as turmeric and devil's claw, their individual needs require customisation. The first patient, experiencing fatigue, benefits from the addition of adaptogenic herbs such as reishi. The second patient, struggling with sleep issues, responds better when passion flower is included to support restful sleep. By utilising synergistic herbal combinations, practitioners can create formulations that address multiple aspects of an individual's health, enhancing therapeutic effects while minimising side effects. Regular follow-ups allow for prescription adjustments based on individual responses, ensuring optimal outcomes. vii viii
Conventional medicine has only recently embraced similar principles, evolving from a "one size fits all" approach to precision medicine over the past 30 years. This shift was catalysed by the development of affordable DNA sequencing. The goal of precision medicine is to deliver the "five rights": the right patient, drug, time, dose and route based on individual health characteristics. The integration of advanced technologies like omics, biomarkers, artificial intelligence and digital wearables is revolutionising healthcare through personalised diagnostics and treatments. These technological advances are expected to transform traditional herbal medicine as well. Network pharmacology can provide insights into the relationships between botanical substances and biological systems, while genomic medicine allows for customising treatments according to individual genetic profiles. However, challenges such as data integration and privacy issues remain. ix x
Crafting bespoke liquid herbal formulas honours traditional herbal wisdom while paving the way for the future of precision herbal medicine. The convergence of traditional herbal wisdom with modern scientific understanding creates a powerful framework for addressing health challenges. While conventional medicine has only recently begun to embrace personalisation through technological means, herbal medicine has maintained this principle throughout its long history. As both approaches continue to develop, they may find increasing common ground in their recognition that effective healthcare must honour the unique characteristics of each individual. xi xii xiii
As our understanding of bio-individuality continues to evolve it promises to further enhance the efficacy and safety of herbal treatments through increasingly targeted and personalised care. By recognising and respecting each person's unique biological makeup, practitioners can provide more effective solutions to their patients' unique needs moving beyond the one-size-fits-all approach and embracing the rich complexity of human biochemical individuality.
References
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iii Patterson AD, Turnbaugh PJ. Microbial determinants of biochemical individuality and their impact on toxicology and pharmacology. Cell Metab. 2014 Nov 4;20(5):761-768. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.002. Epub 2014 Aug 21. PMID: 25156450; PMCID: PMC4252706.
iv Gilani B, Cassagnol M. Biochemistry, Cytochrome P450. [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557698/
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vi Zhao Q, Chen Y, Huang W, Zhou H, Zhang W. Drug-microbiota interactions: an emerging priority for precision medicine. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Oct 9;8(1):386. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01619-w. PMID: 37806986; PMCID: PMC10560686.
vii Ali H, Ali D, Almutairi BO, Kumar G, Karga GA, Masi C, Sundramurthy VP. Synergistic Effect of Conventional Medicinal Herbs against Different Pharmacological Activity. Biomed Res Int. 2022 Jun 29;2022:7337261. doi: 10.1155/2022/7337261. Retraction in: Biomed Res Int. 2024 Jan 9;2024:9836173. doi: 10.1155/2024/9836173. PMID: 35813228; PMCID: PMC9259343.
viii The safety of complementary medicines. Highlighting Complementary Medicine Research. The National Institute of Complementary Medicine. University of Western Sydney. (accessed 25 Feb 2025). Available from
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xii Ng JY, Cramer H, Lee MS, Moher D. Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine and artificial intelligence: Novel opportunities in healthcare. Integr Med Res. 2024 Mar;13(1):101024. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2024.101024. Epub 2024 Feb 9. PMID: 38384497; PMCID: PMC10879672.
xiii Cramer H. Artificial Intelligence, Complementary and Integrative Medicine: A Paradigm Shift in Health Care Delivery and Research? J Integr Complement Med. 2023 Mar;29(3):131-133. doi: 10.1089/jicm.2023.0040. PMID: 36920088.
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